ºìÌÒÊÓƵ

The Art of Listening

ºìÌÒÊÓƵ's first ethnomusicologist on tango, culture, and the politics of music.

At the mention of Argentine music, chances are you’ll think of tango—the harmonic sigh of a bandoneon with its overblown reeds, the accented pulse of a marcato bass line, embellishments like an arrastre (from arrastrar, meaning “to drag”), a singing chromatic melody in a minor key. For many, tango and Argentine music are synonymous. In 2004, however, when Prof. Morgan Luker [music 2010–], a young music scholar studying at Columbia University, took his first trip to Argentina to begin fieldwork not long after that nation’s devastating economic crisis of late 2001, he was not there to study tango. He had been emphatic on this point in conversations with his advisor. “No tango.” 

Luker was interested in Argentina because it was poised at a critical moment in its history: when its economy collapsed, so did the pillars of Argentine identity, like job security and a strong middle class. The country faced the prospect of remaking itself. Argentinians were asking, “Who are we?” and “What are we doing?” For an ethnomusicologist like Luker—someone who seeks to understand the way that music and culture intersect—this was an enticing case study. He decided to head to Buenos Aires to observe the music that was arising out of this unique historical moment, particularly Argentina’s rock and avant garde. But not tango. That would be too stereotypical. Too expected. Too, well, cheesy.  

Luker grew up as a jazz saxophone player in a postindustrial town in northern Minnesota and went to college to study music performance in Wisconsin. Hungry to engage with the world beyond the Midwest, he played in a wide variety of bands: jazz, funk, rock, Ghanaian highlife, and klezmer. He even performed in a tango ensemble, playing saxophone in an Astor Piazzolla cover band—a difficult feat considering the complexity of the legendary bandoneonista’s tango nuevo compositions, which incorporate jazz and tango elements and had to be hand transcribed by Luker’s band.

Luker was a dedicated musician, but then something changed. An influential professor introduced him to cultural studies and its theoretical underpinnings, and Luker began to think about music as a space where politics, identity, and cultural history are hashed out.  Music was more than just a series of notes: it came from and spoke to larger issues in social life and history. His friends noticed he was spending less time in the practice room and more time in the library. His five-hours-a-day practice dropped to four hours then three. He was being lured away by his deepening interest in music scholarship. He changed his major to music history. After graduation, he put away his saxophone and went to Columbia to pursue a PhD in ethnomusicology. 

In Argentina he was struck by the plight of the people he encountered. “It was unlike anything I’d ever seen in terms of human suffering because of economic pain: like packs of homeless children, digging through the garbage every night. It was heartbreaking.” He began to meet people and make connections in the course of his work. And then the music he heard stunned him. “These people were making something from nothing. They were making this whole artistic universe: all this stuff that wasn’t about exposure or moving forward. It was about creating a space, coping with what had happened to them, and also creating other institutional structures in order to survive,” he says. “Musically, it was totally amazing.” 

The music he was hearing was tango.

Like jazz, tango is a vast and diverse musical complex. There are genres and subgenres, from dance music to concert music and everything in between. It is a sophisticated, robust musical tradition that defies the oversimplified, Rudolph Valentino–inspired Hollywood stereotypes with roses and dance shoes. It has a storied past: from its emergence in the urban immigrant culture of Buenos Aires’s coventillos (tenements) to the Parisian tango craze in the 1910s that spread throughout Western Europe. After the golden age of the 1930s through 1955, tango fell out of favor and ceased to be popular participatory culture in the 60s and 70s, when Argentina was under a series of dictatorships and young people associated tango with reactionary politics. In recent decades tango has enjoyed a renaissance. To this day in Argentina, to say something is “Gardel” (after legendary tango singer Carlos Gardel) means something is the absolute best of its kind. And yet, despite the fact that tango is a national brand for Argentina, most Argentinians don’t listen to it.

Like any music, tango provides a fascinating lens through which to view cultural and political history. Luker researches and writes about what this music with deep national roots can tell us about Argentina today. In his book, The Tango Machine: Musical Culture in the Age of Expediency, published recently as part of the Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology series at the University of Chicago Press, he explores the paradoxical way that Argentina embraces tango as a cultural resource, even though it no longer operates as socially popular music among Argentine audiences.

Luker is ºìÌÒÊÓƵ’s first ethnomusicologist, and in his courses like The Cultural Study of Music, there’s no requirement to learn your circle of fifths. You need only to listen rigorously. On the first day of his Tango: Music, Culture, History class, he plays an early tango piece over the classroom speakers. Beneath the hiss and crackles of an old recording, a large brass band plays an upbeat early-20th-century composition. Luker asks for reactions—nothing is off limits. He tells students that part of their goal is to learn to develop their critical listening skills and audio vocabulary, and they are responsible for regularly turning in four-page listening journals about a single piece. It seems like a lot, but he promises that with practice they will soon find it easy to fill four pages with observation. They will begin to hear how sound is making an argument, to “read” an audio sample like a text, and to make more nuanced observations about things like performance practice. “Don’t be afraid to state the obvious,” he says. “The surface is important.” Trying it out, students comment about the rhythm, texture, genre, and the quality of the very old recording. Luker suggests they not forget to list the instruments they heard. 

Tyler Allen ’17, a history-lit major who is working with Luker on her thesis, notes that he teaches students to listen, not just to music, but to people, their stories, their reactions. She is struck by how he puts into practice this skill when working with students. “Morgan is interested in what you have to say,” she says. Such support has been transformative for her, a first-generation college student from a working-class background who assumed the music major was only for students whose parents gave them cello lessons. Since taking his Music and Politics course her junior year, however, she has enrolled in as many of his courses as she could, and is applying to PhD programs in ethnomusicology. 

Under Luker’s mentorship, students are pursuing an array of subjects from techno music in Greece to the music of a North Portland church and how it has responded to the changing demographic of its neighborhood. A student recently looked into the genres of music at ºìÌÒÊÓƵ parties: how are culture and politics played out in who is on the dance floor? Students explore how music is not just passively molded by the place it comes from, it changes that world. Luker says, “Music specifically, and culture more broadly, plays a protagonist role in shaping the world that we inhabit.” Take, for instance, the way in which rock music inspired a generation of young people to rebel against postwar morals and politics, or the influence of hip-hop. Currently the debate about Beyoncé’s album Lemonade, which lost its 2017 Grammy bid to an album by Adele is shaping conversations about race in America. Luker asks, “What are people are saying when they say Beyoncé’s album Lemonade is the greatest work of art ever made? Why is that intuitively correct to some people and ridiculously wrong to other people, and what is at stake in that discrepancy? What can that discrepancy tell us about the culture and politics of racial ideology in the U.S. today?”

Ethnomusicologists are using tools and rigor previously reserved for studying classical Western art music to unpack what popular music—like tango, rock, or  R&B—can tell us about culture, power, and history. Luker notes that the justification for studying music in academic contexts has too often been because “classical music is great.” “I think that music as a field has come into crisis because of that. In an era of tremendous institutional change regarding the value of the humanities,  you can’t just say, ‘Beethoven is the greatest and that’s why we need a professor who does Beethoven.’” In recent decades, such thinking has shifted and music scholars are looking far beyond the masters of the classical cannon. 

On a chilly November day, late in the semester, Luker’s students shuffle in. They are somber and quiet, which is highly unusual for this group. The class has been talking about the political chaos of 20th-century Argentina and the tango music that developed in this context, but these students are preoccupied by U.S. national headlines in the wake of the election and student activism on campus. They share with one another their concerns and fears. Luker asks what would be useful for class that day, and the students agree that they want to “just listen to the music.” Someone says that for her music is “a way to lose myself and forget what’s happening on the outside.” Someone else jokes, “Music heals all.” They all exchange smiles and the atmosphere relaxes. Luker preps the recording on a computer next to the whiteboard and gives some preliminary information. The recording, “La Llamó Silbando” by Horacio Salgán, is from 1952—just before the abrupt end of tango’s golden age and the beginning of one of Argentina’s several late-20th-century military dictatorships.

The classroom fills with a rising, easy-going whistling sound, produced by a violin played over the lush instrumentation of Salgán’s tango orchestra. When, two and a half minutes later the song concludes with a playful chan-chan (the onomatopoeic term for the ubiquitous two-beat tango ending) a student says, “It will be hard to write just four pages about this.” 

Tags: Academics, Performing Arts, Professors